Add VAT to a net price, take VAT off a gross price, or split a mixed-rate invoice line by line — UK rates (20%, 5%, 0%) plus the standard and reduced rates of all 27 EU member states. Rates: European Commission & GOV.UK, checked October 2026. Estimate only, not tax advice.
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VAT returns are filed rate by rate — this is the split of your totals at each rate.
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A layout preview for checking figures — a real VAT invoice also needs your business name and address, VAT registration number, invoice number and date, and your customer's details.
Flat Rate Scheme: you pay a fixed percentage of your VAT-inclusive turnover and cannot reclaim VAT on purchases (except capital items over £2,000). If your spend on goods is under 2% of turnover (or under £1,000 a year), you are a “limited cost business” and must use 16.5% whatever your trade. You can join if your expected VAT-taxable turnover is £150,000 or less excluding VAT. Percentages: GOV.UK, checked October 2026.
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Pick your trade sector and see whether the flat rate beats standard VAT accounting.
Add or remove VAT in seconds — UK and EU rates, mixed-rate invoices, the Flat Rate Scheme and the £90,000 registration threshold.
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Add VAT to a net price or strip it out of a gross one, split a mixed-rate invoice line by line, check the £90,000 registration threshold and compare the Flat Rate Scheme — UK rates plus every EU member state.
An invoice with £800 of design work at 20%, £150 of printing at 5% and £50 of books at 0% carries £167.50 of VAT on £1,000 net — £1,167.50 gross, a blended rate of 16.75%. Working backwards, £120 including VAT at 20% is £100 net plus £20 of VAT — never 20% of £120.
Adding VAT multiplies the net amount by (1 + rate); removing it divides the gross by (1 + rate), and the VAT inside a gross figure is what is left. The Flat Rate Scheme works differently: you charge VAT as normal but pay HMRC a fixed percentage of your VAT-inclusive turnover for your trade sector, and you cannot reclaim VAT on purchases (except capital items over £2,000). UK and EU rates are the European Commission and GOV.UK figures checked in October 2026.
Divide by (1 + rate) — at 20%, divide by 1.2. £240 including VAT is £200 net and £40 VAT. The common mistake is taking 20% of the gross (£48), which overstates the VAT.
Once VAT-taxable turnover passes £90,000 in any rolling 12 months, or is expected to pass it in the next 30 days. Below that, registration is voluntary. The tracker on this page shows how close you are.
A simplification for businesses with VAT-taxable turnover of £150,000 or less (excluding VAT): instead of netting off VAT on sales and purchases, you pay a fixed percentage of your VAT-inclusive turnover, set by your trade sector — from 4% for food retail to 16.5% for limited cost businesses. A 1% discount applies in your first year of registration.
A business whose spending on goods is under 2% of its turnover (or under £1,000 a year). It must use the 16.5% flat rate whatever its trade — which catches most consultants and freelancers who buy few physical goods.
If you sell digital services or goods to EU customers you often charge the customer’s local VAT rate under the One Stop Shop. The picker covers all 27 member states, including the traps: Romania is 21% (not 19%), Estonia 24%, Luxembourg 17% and Finland 25.5%.
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